It has also been suggested that the first element in Kudur-Enlil's name is derived from Elamite but that is disputed.[49][50]. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. Kassite and Elamite Kings". Kassite period. The ruler Shutruk-Nakhkhunte is credited with permanently ending Kassite power. Dr-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives". Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. (2012). World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. This event saw the conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great and marked the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. Marduk was already the patron deity of the Babylonians before the Kassites arrived, but this God was elevated to the position of supreme god once Babylon became a powerful Mesopotamian territory. Either way, the Amarna texts (#287-290) give an excellent insight into the turmoil that was going on around the same time that Joshua marched into the land. They were used to mark official items and ownership. At least three toponyms in Mannea, another three in Gizilbunda, and one in eastern Media are explicable in Kassite terms. Many of the kings were popular rulers who became allies with other city-states within the region. The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. Iraq Museum, Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. Thank you for your help! The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. Ahmose ruled in the 6th century BCE. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). AbydosDynasty A.. "The Names of the Last Eight Kings of the Kassite Dynasty" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. The Kassites: An ancient Near Eastern people, the Kassites ruled Babylonia from from 1531 BC to 1155 BC after the fall of the First Babylonian Empire. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Abraham, K. (2013). J. Oelsner, Landvergabe im kassitischen Babylonien, in M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komorczy, M. T. Larsen, and J. N. Postgate, eds., Societies and Languages in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I.M. The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. [38], The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Iraq Museum, Limestone relief of a male figure from Tell al-Rimah, Iraq. For the mineral, see, Brinkman, J. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 2, 2004, pp. A number of the Amarna Letters are correspondence between the respective rulers (including 14 between the Pharaoh and the Kassite ruler). 1, 1989, pp. The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean to come from. The governor of Nippur was in charge of an economic organization, which collected numerous agricultural deliveries and imposts from broad parts of Babylonia. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? They ruled for over 400 years. 111, no. 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. and debt slaves, thereby containing internal inequalities of wealth and legal status (slave-free continuum: see Brinkman, 1982). It's . The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Judges 6:3 | View whole chapter | See verse in context. Maps are essential for any serious Bible study. Who were the kassites in the Bible? Volume 1 Kardunia. [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. Armstrong, James A. Balkan (1986, pp. Balkan, 1954, pp. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Their empire, which lasted from the 20th to the seventh centuries B.C., was centered on the cities of Assur, Nineveh and Arbela in what is now northern Iraq. Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. ), whose kings were native Babylonians. The Kassites first appear as a political factor in Babylonia in 1742 (or 1741) BCE, when they were opposed by both Samsiluna and Rm-Sn Is (see Stol, 1975, pp. The Kassites unified Mesopotamia into one culture centred around Babylon The HURRIANS c. 905-886 BC Also known as Hanigalbat, the Hurrians were Indo-Iranian warrior people who filled the vacuum left in central and northern Mesopotamia after the segregation and fall of their city kingdoms. K. De Graef, Les trangers dans les textes palobabyloniens tardifs de Sippar (Abi-eu-Samsuditana): 1ire partie: Sur les inconnus connus: Cassites, Elamites, Sutens, Suens, Gutens et Subarens, Akkadica 111, 1998, pp. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. Most of the Kassite kings ruled on an average of 17 to 20 years. 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). [6] As was typical in the region, there was some cross pollination with other religions. Iran 11.1 (1973): 1-27, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosII." The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). and ruled the area for 576 years. The first-millennium Babylonian King Lists assign the Kassite dynasty the longest rule of all the other dynasties who ruled Babylonia: 36 kings who ruled for 576 years and nine months. The Kassite Dynasty refurbished many of the ancient Babylonian cities and constructed a new city called Dur Kurigalzu (named after one of the Kassite kings) near modern Baghdad. The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). 135-38. 31-51. The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. 12.000 tablets, mostly unpublished) from the Kassite period is contained in an administrative archive which was excavated in Nippur and covers the period from ca. Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. K. Balkan (1986, pp. 233-42. Your email address will not be published. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. 86 ff.). [30] That ruler initiated significant building efforts in Ur and other southern Mesopotamia cities. "6. This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. The Babylonian Empire. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." In addition to their original members and dependents, both sectors absorbed prisoners of war, fugitive foreigners. Diakonoff, Warminster, 1982, pp. The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. Jahresband, 1969, pp. "Kassite." These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Gasche et al. Most of the documentation (ca. Required fields are marked *. World History Encyclopedia, 03 Aug 2011. This capital, which was located in the far north of Babylonia, included a big palace and a temple with a high tower of the ziggurat type. ; Nashef, 1982, pp. The Kassites, who were an important force in the region from the 16th to the 12th centuries BCE, took up residence in Nippur centuries after the city was abandoned, and created the ancient map of Nippur. Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. The rulers of Allabria, Hubukia, and Ginguhtu, regions in the direction of present-day West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, bore Kassite names (Ianzi-buria, Ianz, and Ursi respectively). Unfortunately, it is not certain whether or not this is a clear reference to Israel. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. "Ur in the Kassite Period". They are well represented among the great landowners. 2134, 1953, T. Clayden. Agum the prince (? The Kassite kings were called, by themselves and their colleagues in other Near Eastern states, kings of the land of Kar(an)dunia, the latter being a term for Babylonia that may have been Kassite in origin (del Monte and Tischler, 1978, pp. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). 2005. [22] After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin.[23]. One interesting aspect of these letters is that they are written in Akkadian cuneiform and not Egyptian. 421-436. Books Selected by Choice as an "Outstanding Academic Book of 1996" and now extensively revised, the Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, co-published by Eerdmans and Brill, is the only major reference work describing the gods, angels, demons, spirits, and semidivine heroes found in Scripture.Written by 100 leading experts in the field, the more than 400 alphabetically arranged articles . 3 Where did the Kassite people originally come from? 1-19. Thereafter, Kassite groups and individuals are recorded in northern Babylonia, especially around Sippar Yahrurum (see Zadok, 1987, pp. 464-73. Ramose was her father. 225, 1977, pp. [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. Given that their existence was before Joshua and the Canaan conquest, it is difficult to label these rebels as Hebrews specifically from Egypt. Idem, The Representation of Foreigners in Neo- and Late-Babylonian Legal Documents (Eighth-Second Centuries B.C.E. The emergence of the Kassite state took place in the 16th and 15th centuries BCE, which are almost devoid of documentation. The Kassite (or presumably such) clans are Bimat (including the houses [h] of Nanakt) and possibly the Samhar (De Graef, 1998, pp. At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm, Proceedings of the 42th RAI [1995], Leuven, 1999, pp. 144 ff.). Both regions remained linked with the Babylonian government during the 11th and 10th century BCE, but from 850 BCE onwards they passed to the Assyrian sphere of influence (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. The fact that the river ordeal, which in the Old Babylonian period is mainly recorded in texts from Susa, has become more common in Babylonia during the Kassite than in the preceding (Old Babylonian) period may point to an origin of the Kassites east of Babylonia, but is not conclusive evidence. While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. . 2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the valley of Jezreel. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. Last modified August 03, 2011. Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. There are numerous accounts in both Akkadian and Canaanite literature that speak of the religious nature of the area, which affirms the biblical accounts. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. Information will be sectioned off into multiple posts, organized by date ranges. The longest lasting of several Babylonian dynasties, the Kassites held the region between the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq for over 400 years. Volume 2 Kardunia. The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. [2] A dynasty of Kassite origin ruled Babylonia starting with the fifteenth century BCE. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). As for the meaning of Ahmose, I am no Egyptologist but I am fairly certain that his name means born of Iah (the moond god). Kassites stayed in Babylonia, but their main concentration was the central Zagros northeast of Babylonia, notably in Namri and Bt-Hamban. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. The last two toponyms are mentioned in Sennaheribs 8th campaign against the Kassites and Yasubigalleans (see Edzard, 1976-80, p. 271a). The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Hittites, Kassites and Mitanni Children's Middle Eastern History Books, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. Saarbrcken: Saarlndische Druckerei und Verlag, Sternitzke, Katja. Kassites eventually depose him, but damage has been done to the irrigation system.
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