Having first been championed by William Donovan during World War II, the deployment of CIA paramilitary forces has been widely debated for decades. [196][197][198] In June 2009, sixty Taliban fighters were killed while at a funeral to bury fighters that had been killed in previous CIA attacks. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Privacy Policy. Our programs include highly sought-after government health benefits, flexible schedules, sick leave, and childcare. Individuals who want to become CIA protective agents must: Be United States citizens Be at least 21 years old Must possess a valid driver's license Must possess a high school diploma or the equivalent The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act and mirrored in Title 50 of the United States Code Section 413(e). The Washington Post stated in an editorial by John Lehman in 2006: What made the Afghan campaign a landmark in the U.S. Military's history is that it was prosecuted by Special Operations forces from all the services, along with Navy and Air Force tactical power, operations by the Afghan Northern Alliance and the CIA were equally important and fully integrated. From 1943 to 1945, the OSS also played a major role in training Kuomintang troops in China and Burma, and recruited other indigenous irregular forces for sabotage as well as guides for Allied forces in Burma fighting the Japanese army. [31] Four members of the SAD/SOG team received CIA's rare Intelligence Star for "extraordinary heroism". Further, all candidates must be able to pass the Agencys background investigation, psychological and medical examination, and a polygraph examination. A career Army Special Forces officer with over 37 years of service, held numerous leadership posts in military and government service, including Associate Director for Military Affairs for the CIA (2014-16), Deputy Commander of the US Special Operations Command (2012-14), Commanding General of the US Army Special Operations Command (2008-12 . The operation eventually included around 600 soldiers from the 1st Brigade of the 4th Infantry Division. As overt support for one element of an insurgency can be counterproductive due to the unfavorable impression of the United States in some countries, in such cases covert assistance allows the US to assist without damaging the reputation of its beneficiaries. ", "This could increase the risk to CIA officers until it can be readdressed by the incoming administration," he added. [152] One of those in the car was Ali Qaed Senyan al-Harthi, al-Qaeda's chief operative in Yemen and a suspect in the October 2000 bombing of the destroyer USSCole. [158] A major target of these operations was Imam Anwar al-Awlaki, an American citizen with ties to both Nidal Hasan, the convicted Fort Hood attacker, and Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the Christmas 2009 attempted bomber of Northwest Airline flight 253. "The U.S. never forgets," Mulroy said. This item: CIA Paramilitary Operations in Tibet: 1957-1974 (Asia@War) by Ken Conboy Paperback $21.96 Hunting the Viet Cong The Counterinsurgency Campaign in South Vietnam, 1961-1963: Volume 1: The by Darren Poole Paperback $22.21 Urgent Fury: Grenada 1983 (Latin America@War) by Sanjay Badri-Maharaj Paperback $23.96 Editorial Reviews Review "Beyond 'the Mogadishu Line': Some Australian Lessons for Managing Intra-State Conflicts,", Harnden, Toby, "First Casualty: The Untold Story of the CIA Mission to Avenge 9/11. Sheikh Sharif Ahmed, leader of the Islamic Courts, called for a jihad, or holy war, against Ethiopia and encouraged foreign Muslim fighters to come to Somalia. President Karzai is said to be greatly indebted to this officer and was pleased when the officer was named chief of station again. Invasion of Afghanistan. [160], On January 31, 2020, The New York Times reported that three U.S. officials "expressed confidence" that Qasim al-Raymi, the emir of AQAP was killed by the CIA on January 25,[161] in Al Abdiyah District, Ma'rib Governorate, Yemen. The VC also imposed quotas. ", "If these stories are true, they mark a serious setback to a very strong and effective relationship between the CIA and the Defense Department," said Mick Mulroy, a former deputy assistant secretary of defense, retired CIA paramilitary officer and ABC News contributor. "I like this cane," Jones remembers the general exclaiming, a big grin on his face. The paramilitary component included training anti-Communist guerrillas to fight the Tudeh Party if they seized power in the chaos of Operation Ajax. [32], NATO member Turkey refused to allow its territory to be used by the U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division for the invasion. Al-Raymi was the target of the January 29, 2017, special operations raid in which Navy SEAL Ryan Owens was killed. [71], CIA Paramilitary Operations Officers trained and led Hmong tribesmen in Laos and Vietnam, and the actions of these officers were not known for several years. your enemy. [43][44][45] The CIA has also recruited individuals from within the agency. [272][273], In 1967, the SAD was involved with the CIA's domestic espionage operation Project MERRIMAC in conjunction with the Office of Security. Although not required, candidates with a background in maritime, aviation, information operations, military psychological warfare, communications, business, and/or counterintelligence are highly valued by the CIA for specialized skills officer jobs. In Syria, Russian private paramilitary companies have been crucial in propping up the regime of Bashar al-Assad. Specialized. Additionally, you are required to successfully complete specialized paramilitary training and demonstrate a high level of physical readiness in order to prepare for service in hazardous and austere environments overseas. [79][80] A mechanical failure caused two-thirds of the submarine to break off during recovery,[78] but SAC recovered two nuclear-tipped torpedoes, cryptographic machines and the bodies of six Soviet submariners. "Suspected US drone killed up to 10 in Pakistan", Haji Mujtaba, Reuters.com, September 8. The OSS was responsible for training German and Austrian commandos for missions inside Nazi Germany. CIA paramilitary teams from Special Activities Division were deployed to train and lead these rebel forces against the Sandinista government. [285], SAC/SOG teams have been dispatched to the country of Georgia, where dozens of al Qaeda fugitives from Afghanistan are believed to have taken refuge with Chechen separatists and thousands of refugees in the Pankisi Gorge. According to a witness, at least two AH-6 Little Bird attack helicopters strafed a two-car convoy. Further highlighting this confused perception, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence has previously argued that, in categorizing its clandestine activities, the Defense Department frequently labels them as Operational Preparation of the Environment to distinguish particular operations as traditional military activities and not as intelligence functions. This order defined covert action as "special activities," both political and military, that the U.S. government would deny, and granted the exclusive authority to conduct such operations to the CIA. [297] HALO is a method of delivering personnel, equipment, and supplies from a transport aircraft at a high altitude via free-fall parachute insertion. [99][100] JSOC and the CIA had been trying to kill Nabhan for some time including back in January 2007, when an AC-130 Gunship was called in on one attempt. A core mission of U.S. Special Operations Command is unconventional warfare, which the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for 2016 defines as activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt or overthrow an occupying power or government by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary or guerrilla force in a denied area." [40], The Pentagon commissioned a study to determine whether the CIA or the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) should conduct covert action paramilitary operations. [96], In June 2006, the Islamic Courts Union seized control of southern Somalia, including the country's capital Mogadishu, prompting the Ethiopian government to send in troops to try to protect the transitional government. He is the most recent star added to the memorial wall at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. Many documents related to MERRIMAC were destroyed by the CIA in compliance with a recommendation from the Rockefeller Commission to destroy files, not in compliance with new rules. Kill. These were the first maritime unconventional warfare units that trained indigenous forces as surrogates. [105], Significant events during this time frame included the targeted drone strikes against British al-Qaida operative Bilal el-Berjawi[106] and Moroccan al-Qaida operative Abu Ibrahim. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (assigned to the CIA) and CIA paramilitary operatives.[221][222][223]. [298] There are 137 stars carved into the marble wall,[299][300] each one representing an officer. Unfortunately, this line of effort was only funded for $10 million dollars in the FY18 NDAA, far beneath the amount needed given the scale of the challenge posed by these competitors. "Pulling this support is akin to cutting off your nose to spite your face. For more information, please see our This senior U.S. counter-terrorism official goes on to say, "The enemy is really, really struggling. SAC/SOG also conducts special reconnaissance that can be either military or intelligence driven and is carried out by Paramilitary Officers (also called Paramilitary Operatives or Paramilitary Operations Officers) when in "non-permissive environments". [110][111][112], During the SovietAfghan War in the 1980s, Paramilitary Operations Officers were instrumental in equipping Mujaheddin forces against the Soviet Army. In addition to multiple combat deployments to both Iraq and Afghanistan, Livermore led special operations elements during contingency operations around the world. [238][239] The senior CIA officer was Kermit Roosevelt, Jr., the grandson of American president Theodore Roosevelt. Surprise . '"[77], In 1973, SAD and the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology built and deployed the USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193), a large deep-sea salvage ship, on a secret operation. New paramilitary operations officers and specialized skills officers are trained in the CIAs Clandestine Service Trainee (CST) Program. It's believed he was killed sometime in 2009. . SOG operatives also account for the majority of the stars displayed on the Memorial Wall at CIA headquarters, indicating that the officer died while on active duty. DO officers begin their careers spending one to two years learning the foundations of clandestine operational tradecraft via classroom training, practical exercise, and on-the-job experience. It resulted in the deaths of a substantial number of militants and the uncovering of a crude laboratory that had traces of poisons and information on chemical weapons at Sargat. CIA counterterrorism missions rely on military for logistical support, personnel. On September 11, 2020, Admiral William McRaven revealed in an interview with the Michael Hayden Center that the decision to use burial at sea for the disposition of Osama Bin Laden's body following Operation Neptune Spear was a direct result of his experiences in the killing of Nabhan, citing a belief that the chances of operational success were greater if decisions and procedures were made "as routine as possible. The next time Jones saw the magic cane, an hour later, Garrison had it in his hand. The online defense news outlet cited multiple officials as saying the intent behind the move is to see if Defense Department personnel "detailed" to the CIA should be diverted from counterterrorism missions and toward missions related to competition with Russia and China. [134][136], General McChrystal's strategy included the lash up of special operations forces from the U.S. Military and from SAC/SOG to duplicate the initial success and the defeat of the Taliban in 2001[137] and the success of the "Surge" in Iraq in 2007. Congress, for its part, would need to pass the requisite legislation to enable the Defense Department to assume this responsibility through appropriate reorganization, appropriations, and oversight mechanisms. [217] Al Misri was planning a major terrorist attack in Europe by recruiting British Muslims who would then go on a shooting rampage similar to what transpired in Mumbai in November 2008. These recruits were trained in paramilitary tactics on the island of Saipan in the Northern Marianas. SAD/SOG teams were key in working with JSOC and tracking high-value targets (HVT), known as "Tier One Personalities". Legislatively, the National Security Act of 1947, 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act, and Title 50 of USC all previously designated the CIA as the office of primary responsibility for paramilitary activities. "They can't be denied a role anymore. Colby, William; Peter Forbath (1978) (extract concerning Gladio stay-behind operations in Scandinavia). He advocated for covert actions to be fully incorporated in the U.S. National Security Strategy and the 2018 National Defense Strategy in the form of a Covert Action Annex and for covert actions to be fully funded to operate in support of overall objectives in the form of a Covert Action Fund.[42]. [119], In September 2009, the CIA planned on "deploying teams of spies, analysts and paramilitary operatives to Afghanistan, part of a broad intelligence 'surge' ordered by President Obama. Beginning in autumn of 2001, SAC/SOG paramilitary teams arrived in Afghanistan to hunt down al-Qaeda leaders, facilitate the entry of U.S. Army Special Forces, and lead the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan against the ruling Taliban. . SAC/SOG has far fewer members than most of the other special missions units, such as the U.S. Army's 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Delta Force) or Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU). The operation utilized all of SAC's components to include political action, covert influence, and paramilitary operations. Paramilitary Operations Officers are also fully trained case officers (i.e., "spy handlers") and as such conduct clandestine human intelligence (HUMINT) operations throughout the world. The four principal U.S. advisers responsible for the training and operational planning of those special missions were Dutch Kramer, Tom Curtis, George Atcheson, and Joe Pagnella. These operations would be against Quds Force, the commando arm of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, public and private sector strategic targets, and "high-value targets" in the war on terror. SAD reported approval of the project to the office and reported that the CIA had assets in the area that could be used to monitor and infiltrate Washington-based anti-war groups that might pose potential threats to the CIA. [131] In December 2009, The New York Times reported that President Obama ordered an expansion of the drone program with senior officials describing the program as "a resounding success, eliminating key terrorists and throwing their operations into disarray". Once on the ground, they prepared the battlespace for the subsequent arrival of U.S. military forces. [157], In 2009, the Obama administration authorized continued lethal operations in Yemen by the CIA. After almost two decades of mostly overt and highly kinetic counterterrorism activities conducted in Iraq and Afghanistan, an argument has been made that U.S. Special Operations Command, as an organization, lacks the mindset necessary for successfully executing irregular activities under politically sensitive conditions. They were joined by Che Guevara in the mid-1960s. An amendment to Section 1202 of the FY18 NDAA, which authorized funding for the irregular warfare tools and resources required to impede the progress of near peer advances in the competitive space short of war, would provide a good starting point from which to expand U.S. Special Operations Commands paramilitary capabilities. Over the last decade, China has built artificial islands and deployed paramilitary naval units to secure its illegal claim to the international waterways of the South China Sea all without firing a single shot. However, the Defense Department now arguably characterizes activities that could easily be described as paramilitary activities as Operational Preparation of the Environment where the slightest nexus of a theoretical, distant military operation might one day exist. Consolidation of the covert paramilitary responsibility with existing Operational Preparation of the Environment requirements would not create so much of an additional burden on U.S. Special Operations Command as it would reduce duplication of capability at both the CIA and Defense Department. For more than five years, al-Raymi eluded U.S. forces as he led what experts referred to as al-Qaida's "most dangerous franchise." [125], In December 2001, Special Activities Division and the Army's Delta Force tracked down Osama bin Laden in the rugged mountains near the Khyber Pass in Afghanistan. [28], Propaganda includes leaflets, newspapers, magazines, books, radio, and television, all of which are geared to convey the U.S. message appropriate to the region. The war has been largely turned over to SAC. TOF provides comprehensive family resiliency programs, financial support for the families of paramilitary officers killed in action, and it works behind the scenes to "quietly help those who quietly serve."[301]. A large covert operation typically has components that involve many or all of these categories as well as paramilitary operations. CIA Paramilitary Operations Officers Grayston Lynch and William "Rip" Robertson led the first assault on the beaches, and supervised the amphibious landings. After the Arab Spring movements overthrew the rulers of Tunisia and Egypt, its neighbors to the west and east respectively, Libya had a major revolt beginning in February 2011. From a capabilities standpoint, U.S. Special Operations Command demonstrates comparable and, in some cases, superior capabilities of immediate applicability to paramilitary activities. He is well known in CIA lore as "the man who saved Hamid Karzai's life when the CIA led the effort to oust the Taliban from power in 2001". I was 3rd or 4th in line of command at the "Tactical Operations Center" after numerous operations. "[103], From 2010 to 2013, the CIA set up the Somalia National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA) by providing training, funding, and diplomatic access. War in Syria", "How Trump can withdraw US military forces, and salvage US interests in Syria", "ISIS leader al-Baghdadi believed to have been killed in a US military raid, sources say | CNN Politics", "ISIS leader killed in daring U.S. raid in Syria, Trump says", "Tip from disaffected militant set in motion operation that killed ISIS leader al-Baghdadi", "Isis Leader al Baghdadi Dead After US Special Forces Raid Hideout in Syria: Sources", "Trump says Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi blew himself up as U.S. [50] SAC officers are trained at Camp Peary, Virginia (also known as "The Farm"), "The Point" (Harvey Point), a facility outside of Hertford, North Carolina, and at privately owned training centers around the United States. Their study determined that the CIA should maintain this capability and be the "sole government agency conducting covert action." [287][288], According to many experts, the Obama administration has relied on the CIA and their paramilitary capabilities, even more than they have on U.S. military forces, to maintain the fight against terrorists in the Afghanistan and Pakistan region, as well as places like Yemen, Somalia and North Africa. The U.S. Defense Department, specifically its subordinate U.S. Special Operations Command, is the organization best prepared to assume leadership of the U.S. governments paramilitary efforts that are critical to supporting its national interests. [54] Like its successor, the CIA, OSS included both human intelligence functions and special operations paramilitary functions.
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